Malevo/Hsk 1

10 (a) [0:28] There were more Turks here, and Male –

here adv

3pl pres aux clt

pl L.part cop

more adv

Turk m

and

[...]

11 (a) [0:32] and when our people, the Bulgarians, settled here, they bought land

and

when conj

acc refl clt

settle pl L.part P

here adv

our pl def adj

people pl

Bulgarian pl m def

buy pl L.part P

dat refl clt

field f

12 (a) [0:37] from the Turks, and the Turks went back to Turkey, and our people bought the land

from

Turk m def pl

Turk pl m def

acc refl clt

come.home pl L.part P

towards

Turkey sg f place

and

our pl def adj

3pl pres aux clt

buy pl L.part P

field pl f

13 (a) [0:43] from them. And our great-grandfathers, no, even further back ...

from

acc 3pl

and

great.grandfather pl m def

disc

still

great.great.grandfather pl m

прапрадядо

14 (f) [0:48] And 90% of them didn’t have notarized documents …

and

ninety

percent m ct

from

acc 3pl

not.have 3pl pres I

notarial pl adj

deed pl m

15 (a) [0:51] Uh huh.

bkch

16 (f) [0:52] … because –

ponèže

because conj

понеже

17 (a) [0:53] … had bought up everything …

everything sg n adj

3pl pres aux clt

buy pl L.part P

18 (VZh) Aha.

ahà

bkch

аха

19 (a) [0:54] … from the Turks – fields and such.

from

hes

Turk m def pl

field f def

and

thus adv

20 (VZh) But that was after the liberation of Bulgaria.

but

this sg n adj

after

liberation n def sg

3sg pres aux clt

sg n L.part cop

Bulgaria sg f place

21 (f) [1:00] But that was still Turkish times [for us].

disc

still adv

time sg n

Turkish n sg adj

22 (VZh) [Ah,] still –

ošte

still adv

още

[...]

по

23 (a) [1:01] Still in Turkish times.

Turkish n adj

time sg n

still adv

24 (VZh) Uh huh.

bkch

25 (a) [1:03] In the times of the Turks even…

during

Turkish n adj

time sg n

even adv

26 (f) [1:04] You know, [this area] here was liberated only in [nineteen-]twelve.

disc

here adv

interr

know 2pl pres I

that conj

even adv

twelfth f adj

year f sg

acc refl clt

liberate 3pl pres

27 (VZh) [Ah], here [only] since [nineteen-]twelve.

here adv

from

twelfth f adj

year f sg

28 (RA) Uh huh, uh huh.

mhm.mhm

bkch

29 (a) [1:10] In [nineteen-]twelve, and I was born in [nineteen-]seventeen. And –

twelfth f adj

year sg f

nom 1sg

1sg pres cop clt

bear sg f P.part P

seventeenth f adj

year sg f

and

30 (a) [1:16] the old ones, our forefathers, all knew Turkish because here

this pl adj

old pl def adj

our pl def adj

great.grandfather pl m

all pl def adj

know 3pl impf I

Turkish m sg adj

because conj

here adv

31 (a) [1:23] they lived together with the Turks and they all knew Turkish.

3pl pres aux clt

live pl L.part I

with

Turk m def pl

together adv

and

know 3pl impf I

Turkish sg m adj

language m

all pl def adj

32 (a) [1:28] So they bought up the land from the Turks and began to work [it].

and

3pl pres aux clt

buy pl L.part P

field f

from

Turk pl m def

and

3pl pres aux clt

begin pl L.part P

comp

work 3pl pres I

33 (a) [1:32] And the old ones were – they were close to the Turks,

and

even adv

3pl impf cop

hes

old def adj

3pl impf cop

thus adv

hes

with

Turk pl m def

close pl adj

34 (a) [1:39] and each respected the other. And after that –

respect 3pl impf I

acc refl clt

and

after

this sg n adj

hes

hes

35 (f) [1:43] There wasn’t the kind of hostility they talk about there [in other places].

neg exist

acc f 3sg clt

this sg f adj

hostility sg f

as rel

acc f 3sg clt

tell 3pl pres I

for

there adv

36 (a) [1:45] [No,] there wasn’t, there [certainly] wasn’t.

yes

disc

neg exist

37 (f) [1:47] [I know] because I’m from …

nom 1sg

1sg pres cop clt

because

from

38 (a) [1:48] Maybe elsewhere there was …

elsewhere adv

can pres imprs

comp

3sg pres aux clt

sg n L.part cop

39 (f) [1:48] … the Plovdiv region, and it was much worse there.

Plovdiv m def adj

region

there adv

3sg pres aux clt

sg n L.part cop

frightening adv

40 (a) [1:49] … hostility but here in the village my grandfather, and

hostility sg f

but

here adv

village sg n

my sg m adj

my sg m def adj

grandfather sg m

and

here adv

41 (a) [1:53] and when I came, I had – my great-grandfather liked the Turks.

when conj

come 1sg aor P

have 1sg impf I

great.grandfather sg m

and

nom m 3sg

thus adv

dat refl clt

love 3sg impf I

Turk pl m def

42 (f) [1:59] Yes.

yes

43 (a) [1:59] There was even a Turk who came here to say goodbye

even adv

one sg m adj

Turk sg m

come 3sg aor P

here adv

and

acc refl clt

say.goodbye 3sg aor I

сбогувам

44 (a) [2:02] when he was leaving for Turkey. He came to sleep here at our house …

when rel

comp

go 3sg pres I

Turkey sg f place

sleep 3sg aor I

here adv

acc 1pl

45 (f) [2:04] Just a minute. You’re not going to need me, are you? She’s OK here?

only adv

second sg f

nom 1sg

fut neg

comp

dat 2pl clt

be.necessary 1sg pres I

interr

nom f 3sg

disc

there adv

46 (VZh) Yes, yes, yes.

yes

yes

yes

47 (a) [2:09] … they took their farewells and we sent him off properly. There was no argument,

zbugùvəə

bid.farewell 3pl aor I

сбогувам

sə

acc refl clt

се

and

dat refl clt

acc m 3sg clt

send 1pl aor P

thus adv

fortunately adv

neg exist

neither

quarrel vbl.n I

48 (a) [2:14] no nothing. But now it’s worse than the “Turkish times”, let me tell you! [laughter]

neither

nothing sg n

now adv

bad adv

from

Turkish n sg adj

comp

dat 2pl clt

say 1sg pres P

49 (VZh) [laughter]

50 (a) [2:20] Now people will destroy each other, they’re jealous, envious – it’s awful.

now adv

people pl def

fut

acc refl clt

eat 3pl pres P

envious pl adj

envy 3pl pres I

dat refl clt

terror sg m

51 (VZh) You mentioned the Balkan war. Did your father take part in it?

nom 2sg

say 2sg aor P

for

Balkan sg f def adj

war sg f

father sg m

dat 2sg clt

partake sg m L.part I

interr clt

3sg pres aux clt

acc f 3sg

52 (a) [2:31] Yes.

yes

53 (VZh) What did he tell you about it?

what sg n interr

dat 2sg clt

3sg pres aux clt

tell sg m L.part I

for

acc f 3sg

54 (a) [2:33] Well, my father died. He died quite young. He died …

disc

my sg m def adj

father sg m

die 3sg aor P

very

young sg m adj

die 3sg aor P

55 (VZh) Hm.

bkch

56 (a) [2:37] … [when he was] forty-three years old. So from him –

forty

and

three

year pl f

and

from

от

n’ègə

acc m 3sg

той

57 (a) [2:44] what could he have told me? I remember that he was a soldier, he came here

what sg n interr

comp

dat 1sg clt

3sg pres aux clt

tell sg m L.part I

soldier sg m

3sg impf cop

remember 1sg pres I

come 3sg aor P

here adv

58 (a) [2:49] on leave, and after that, when the war was over – We were little!

vacation sg f

and

after

this sg n adj

when inter.rel

finish 3sg aor P

war sg f def

nom 1pl

1pl impf cop

little pl adj

59 (a) [2:55] Who cared about wars, and [all] that sort of thing?! [laughter]

which sg m interr

acc refl clt

take.interest sg m L.part I

from

war sg f

and

from

this sg n adj

and

that sg n adj

60 (RA) [laughter]

61 (a) [2:59] So. I was eighteen when my father died.

disc

nom 1sg

1sg impf cop

eighteen

year pl f

father sg m

dat 1sg clt

when conj

die 3sg aor P

62 (VZh) Your grandfather was still alive, I suppose?

grandfather sg m

dat 2sg clt

still adv

3sg pres aux clt

sg m L.part cop

alive sg m adj

surely adv

63 (a) [3:07] Yes, my grandfather was alive.

yes

grandfather sg m

3sg impf cop

alive sg m adj

64 (VZh) Uh huh.

əmhm

bkch

65 (a) [3:08] My grandfather was alive.

grandfather sg m

3sg impf cop

alive sg m adj

66 (VZh) And did your grandfather take part in [any] war?

and

tòj

nom m 3sg

той

učàstvəl

partake sg m L.part I

interr clt

3sg pres aux clt

grandfather sg m

dat 2sg clt

war sg f def

67 (VZh) Did he go [off to war]?

go sg m L.part I

interr clt

3sg pres aux clt

68 (a) [3:14] I can’t say.

neg

can 1sg pres I

dat 2sg clt

say inf P

69 (VZh) He didn’t –

neg

dat 2sg clt

3sg pres aux clt

70 (a) [3:16] I can’t tell you.

neg

can 1sg pres I

dat 2sg clt

say 1sg pres I

71 (VZh) He didn’t talk to you about –

neg

dat 2sg clt

3sg pres aux clt

tell sg m L.part I

for

72 (a) [3:17] I didn’t ask, and he didn’t say. And that’s all there is.

neg

1sg pres aux clt

acc refl clt

take.interest sg f L.part I

интересувам

and

neg

dat 1sg clt

3sg pres aux clt

tell sg m L.part I

and

thus adv

73 (VZh) Has the village Malevo always had this name, or

all adv

this sg n adj

name sg n

interr clt

have 3sg impf I

village sg n def

Malevo sg n place

74 (VZh) did it used to have some other name?

early adv

have 3sg impf I

other sg n adj

name sg n

75 (a) [3:26] It used to be Tekekyoy. It was called Tekekyoy, and after that Malevo.

Tekekyoy sg n place

3sg impf cop

early adv

thus adv

acc refl clt

say 3sg impf I

Tekekyoy sg n place

and

after

this sg n adj

Malevo sg n place

76 (VZh) Uh huh.

bkch

77 (a) [3:32] Its old name was Tekekyoy and then after that they changed the name to Malevo.

old sg n def adj

dat n 3sg clt

name sg n

3sg impf cop

Tekekyoy sg n place

and

and

after

this sg n adj

Malevo sg n place

acc n 3sg clt

rename 3pl aor I

78 (a) [3:37] but I remember it [as] Malevo back when it was Tekekyoy.

but

nom 1sg

acc n 3sg clt

remember 1sg pres I

Malevo sg n place

disc

when interr

3sg pres aux clt

sg n L.part cop

Tekekyoy sg m place

79 (a) [3:40] I know that earlier it was Tekekyoy,

early adv

know 1sg pres I

that conj

3sg pres aux clt

sg n L.part cop

Tekekyoy sg n place

80 (a) [3:42] but I know it as Malevo. And we even have

but

nom 1sg

acc n 3sg clt

remember 1sg aor P

Malevo sg n place

yes

and

even adv

have 1pl pres I

81 (a) [3:46] an area around here called Malevo, it’s fields.

here adv

one sg f adj

locality sg f

acc refl clt

say 3sg pres I

Malevo sg n place

field pl f

82 (RA) Uh huh.

bkch

83 (a) [3:52] We worked these fields; they’re called Malevo, the Malevo area.

field pl f

work 1pl impf I

acc 3pl clt

acc refl clt

say 3pl pres I

Malevo sg n place

locality sg f def

Malevo sg n place

84 (VZh) How do you remember the village [then]? Was it smaller than it is now?

nom 2sg

how interr

2sg pres aux clt

acc n 3sg clt

remember sg f L.part P

village n def sg

little sg n adj

interr clt

3sg impf cop

from

now adv

85 (a) [4:02] [No,] it was even bigger.

big sg n adj

3sg impf cop

even adv

86 (RA) Bigger!

big sg n adj

87 (a) [4:04] Now all the young people ran off to the city and [what’s] left of the village [is] small.

now adv

young pl def adj

escape 3pl aor P

all pl def adj

city sg m def

and

remain 3sg aor P

village sg n def

little sg n adj

88 (a) [4:09] Now we have lots of Pomaks. [If you include] Pomaks, the village is big. [laughter]

now adv

Pomak m pl

have 1pl pres I

many adv

with

Pomak pl m def

3sg pres cop clt

big sg n adj

89 (VZh) Where did the Pomaks come from, do you know?

from.where interr

3pl pres aux clt

come pl L.part P

know 2sg pres I

interr clt

Pomak m def pl

90 (a) [4:15] Well, from the Balkan [mountains], from the Rhodopes.

disc

from

mountain sg m def

from

Rhodope pl f def

91 (VZh) [Ah], from the Rhodope region.

from

Rhodope pl f def

92 (a) [4:19] Yes.

yes

93 (VZh) Uh huh. They bought up land, so I suppose they work it here?

disc

buy pl L.part P

3pl pres aux clt

land sg f

surely adv

here adv

work 3pl pres I

94 (a) [4:25] Well, when the cooperative farms came in they took our fields.

interr

when conj

become 3sg aor P

collective.farm sg n

our pl def adj

field pl f

acc 3pl clt

take 3pl aor P

95 (a) [4:30] Our people, for example, we had [cough] lots of fields, but not enough hands to work [them].

and

our pl def adj

people pl

for.example adv

nom 1pl

have 1pl impf I

many adv

field pl f

but

not.have 1pl pres I

work sg f adj

hand sg f

96 (a) [4:37] so it all went off to the cooperative farm. And who would work them?

and

everything sg n adj

go 3sg aor P

collective.farm sg n

and

which sg m interr

comp

acc 3pl clt

work 3pl pres I

97 (a) [4:40] The Pomaks came and just took over. So we put everything –

Pomak m def

come 3pl aor P

and

ready sg n def adj

and

nom 1pl

import 1pl aor P

everything sg n adj

98 (a) [4:43] our cart, our oxen, our carriage, and everything we had –

and

cart f sg

and

ox m pl

and

carriage sg f

and

what sg n rel

have 1pl impf I

inventory sg m

99 (a) [4:48] we put it all into the cooperative farm. And the Pomaks came and

everything sg n adj

acc n 3sg clt

import 1pl aor P

collective.farm sg n

and

Pomak m def

come 3pl aor P

and

100 (a) [4:52] and [took] everything as a whole and began to work [it]. And that was it.

and

sɨ̀čkut

everything sg n def adj

ready.made adv

and

begin 3pl aor P

comp

work 3pl pres I

and

thus adv

101 (VZh) Uh – So you had [your own] fields before the cooperative farm came along.

hes

mean 3sg pres I

nom 2pl

field f pl

2pl pres aux clt

have pl L.part I

before

comp

become 3sg pres P

collective.farm sg n def

текезесе

102 (a) [5:02] Yes, we had [our own] fields.

yes

have 1pl impf I

field pl f

103 (VZh) Hm, well, can you tell us how one –

disc

disc

hort

comp

dat 1pl clt

tell 2sg pres P

how interr

acc refl clt

[ … ]

104 (VZh) how you worked the fields back in those days?

how interr

2pl pres aux clt

work pl L.part I

field sg f def

one sg n adj

time sg n

105 (a) [5:08] Oof! [laughter] Heavy labor! [laughter] How could we not work? You get up in the morning [cough] –

excl

big sg m adj

labor sg m

how interr

neg

work 1pl impf I

morning sg f

arise 2sg pres P

106 (a) [5:17] we mostly worked with outsiders because we didn’t have enough workers [here].

nom 1pl

mostly adv

with

foreign pl adj

people pl

work 1pl impf I

because conj

not.have 1pl pres I

work sg f adj

hand sg f

107 (a) [5:21] My husband worked too, He had a sister, still a maiden,

my sg m def adj

husband sg m

hes

and

nom m 3sg

work 3sg impf I

and

have 3sg impf I

sister sg f

girl sg n

3sg impf cop

108 (a) [5:30] so when I married [in], there were three of us, plus my father-in-law.

and

nom 1sg

when conj

acc refl clt

marry 1sg aor P

three def an.num

1pl impf cop

and

father.in.law sg m

109 (a) [5:34] Also my mother-in-law here at home – someone has to be in the house, you know.

and

mother.in.law sg f

here adv

at.home adv

interr

disc

and

at.home adv

must pres imprs

person sg m

comp

pres exist

110 (RA) Uh huh.

bkch

111 (a) [5:39] We couldn’t work fields by ourselves, [it was] always

and

neg

can 1pl impf I

nom 1pl

alone pl

comp

dat refl clt

work 1pl pres P

field pl f def

and

always adv

112 (a) [5:43] with outsiders. We hired day-workers. The day-workers came and worked for us.

with

foreign pl adj

people pl

catch 1pl impf I

day.worker pl m

day.worker pl m

come 3pl impf I

and

dat 1pl clt

work 3pl impf I

113 (a) [5:49] The – the day-workers come in the morning, and food [had to be] ready for them.

disc

[...]

[...]

day.worker pl m def

fut

come 3pl pres P

morning sg f

food sg n def

dat 3pl clt

ready sg n adj

114 (VZh) What [sorts of crops] did you plant primarily?

what sg n interr

sow 2pl impf I

most

much adv

115 (a) [5:57] We mostly planted wheat and corn.

most

much adv

sow 1pl impf I

wheat sg n

and

corn sg f

116 (VZh) [Ah,] wheat and corn.

wheat sg n

and

corn sg f

117 (a) [6:01] Yes.

yes

118 (VZh) What time [of year did you plant] the wheat?

žɨ̀toto

wheat sg n def

жито

[...]

koè

which sg n interr adj

кой

vrème

time sg n

време

119 (a) [6:03] We plant wheat in the autumn and gather it up in the summer.

wheat sg n def

autumn sg f def

acc n 3sg clt

sow 1pl pres I

during

summer sg n def

acc n 3sg clt

gather 1pl pres I

120 (a) [6:07] Right, in the summer. [So] in June and July, we start to reap

thus adv

disc

during

summer sg n def

during

hes

June sg m

July sg m

and

begin 1pl pres I

comp

reap 1pl pres I

121 (a) [6:12] [and] gather in the wheat. For corn, we plant it in the spring, and then

gather 1pl pres I

wheat sg n def

but

corn sg f def

in.spring adv

acc f 3sg clt

sow 1pl impf I

and

hes

122 (a) [6:18] pick it in the autumn. Now, during September is [when] we’re picking the corn.

autumn sg f def

acc f 3sg clt

gather 1pl impf I

now adv

during

September sg m

3sg pres cop clt

corn sg f def

gather 1pl pres I

123 (VZh) What did you used to call it in the old days? Did you call it “tsarevitsa” (corn)?

how interr

acc f 3sg clt

say 1pl impf I

time sg n def

corn sg f

interr clt

dat f 3sg clt

call 1pl impf I

124 (a) [6:25] “Rapka” (corn).

ràpkə

corn f sg

рабка

125 (VZh) Aha, you called it “rapka”

corn sg f

dat f 3sg clt

call 2pl impf I

disc

126 (a) [6:26] [laughter] “rapka”.

ràpkə

corn f sg

рабка

127 (VZh) And whose job was it to plant the fields?

hes

and

čijà

whose sg f interr adj

work sg f

3sg pres cop clt

comp

sow 3sg pres P

field sg f def

128 (VZh) The men’s or the women’s? Who went out to do the sowing?

masculine sg f adj

interr clt

3sg pres cop clt

feminine sg f adj

interr clt

3sg pres cop clt

which sg m interr

go 3sg pres I

comp

sow 3sg pres I

129 (a) [6:32] Well, let’s see. In the winter we spin. Back then everything was spun and woven.

disc

see pl imv P

now adv

during

winter sg f def

spin 1pl pres I

then adv

everything sg n def adj

3sg impf cop

spin sg n P.part I

and

weave sg n P.part I

130 (a) [6:40] The women spin and – and weave, and the men look after the animals.

woman pl f def

spin 3pl pres I

and

[...]

weave 3pl pres I

man pl m def

look 3pl pres I

livestock sg m def

131 (a) [6:44] In the spring, the men start to plow, and the women weave.

in.spring adv

man pl m def

begin 3pl pres I

comp

plow 3pl pres I

woman pl f def

weave 3pl pres I

132 (a) [6:48] All the [thread] they’ve spun now needs to be woven [into fabric],

this sg n adj

which sg n rel

3pl pres aux clt

spin pl L.part P

must pres imprs

comp

acc n 3sg clt

weave 3pl pres P

133 (a) [6:51] because all our clothes were home-woven, all our clothes were home-made

because conj

wear 1pl impf I

everything sg n adj

weave sg n P.part I

domestic sg n adj

all pl def adj

clothing pl f

3pl impf cop

domestic pl adj

134 (a) [6:55] there wasn’t anything like now, ready-made and bought [at the store].

impf neg exist

now adv

ready pl adj

and

store.bought sg n adj

купешки

jà

disc

135 (a) [6:59] Then the men start the plowing, and by the time they finish plowing

and

then adv

and

man pl m def

begin 3pl pres I

comp

plow 3pl pres I

and

until conj

comp

comp

plow 3pl pres P

136 (a) [7:04] and get the fields ready, we have to be ready, to have finished all our weaving.

comp

prepare 3pl pres P

field pl f def

nom 1pl

must pres imprs

comp

1pl pres cop clt

ready pl adj

comp

1pl pres aux clt

weave pl L.part P

137 (a) [7:08] Whatever we’ve woven or not woven, we have to start work [in the fields].

already adv

this sg n adj

what sg n rel

[...]

weave pl L.part P

neg

weave pl L.part P

begin 1pl pres I

comp

work 1pl pres I

138 (a) [7:12] First of all we plant onions, and after onions, then beans.

most

early adv

sow 1pl pres P

onion sg m def

after

onion sg m def

beans sg m def

139 (a) [7:16] and after the beans, then melons, and after the melons, then “tsarevitsa” (corn).

after

beans sg m def

melon.field sg m def

after

melon.field sg m def

corn sg f def

140 (VZh) “rapka”

ràpkata

corn sg f def

рабка

141 (a) [7:21] Yes, “rapka”, and then, we begin already to tamp the soil. First,

yes

corn sg f def

and

after

this sg n adj

begin 1pl pres I

already adv

comp

tamp 1pl pres I

most

first adv

142 (a) [7:26] we tamp it around the onions. Then we hoe the beans, we hoe the corn –

onion sg m def

comp

acc refl clt

tamp 3sg pres P

beans sg m def

comp

acc refl clt

hoe 3sg pres P

corn sg f def

comp

acc refl clt

hoe 3sg pres P

143 (a) [7:31] and – and we hoe the cotton. We also planted cotton.

and

cotton sg m def

comp

acc refl clt

hoe 3sg pres P

and

cotton sg m

sow 1pl impf I

144 (VZh) Ah, you planted cotton too?

disc

and

cotton sg m

2pl pres aux clt

sow pl L.part I

145 (a) [7:35] Yes, we also planted cotton, and after that it’s time to hoe the corn.

yes

and

cotton sg m

sow 1pl impf I

and

after

this sg n adj

corn sg f def

already adv

comp

hoe 1pl pres I

146 (a) [7:46] and all these things come in order: first one, then the next, first one, then the next.

and

nom 3pl

acc refl clt

work pl f def

arrange 3pl pres I

one sg f adj

after

other sg f adj

one sg f adj

after

other sg f adj

147 (a) [7:46] You go to the field in the morning, come back in the evening, get up in the morning

morning sg f

go 2sg pres I

field sg m def

evening sg f

acc refl clt

return 2sg pres I

morning sg f

arise 2sg pres I

148 (a) [7:49] go again to the field, come back in the evening – all without a break.

again adv

go 2sg pres I

field sg m def

evening sg f

acc refl clt

return 2sg pres I

continuously adv

mean 3sg pres I

149 (a) [7:52] No day goes by [but you work]. Only on Sunday would we stop a bit

day sg m

neg

acc refl clt

pass 3sg pres I

only adv

Sunday sg m adj

day sg m

remain 1pl impf I

little adv

150 (a) [7:56] to take a rest. And all that was tremendous work. Tremendous.

comp

rest 1pl pres P

and

this sg n adj

3sg impf cop

everything sg n adj

big sg m adj

labor sg m

3sg impf cop

big sg m adj

151 (VZh) Did you sell the cotton, or did you [grow it] for yourselves?

cotton sg m def

sell pl L.part I

interr clt

2pl pres aux clt

acc m 3sg clt

for

acc 2pl

152 (a) [8:03] At first we planted just enough cotton for us at home,

cotton sg m def

from

beginning sg n def

sow 1pl impf I

how.much rel

for

at.home adv

153 (VZh) Uh huh.

əmhm

bkch

154 (a) [8:08] After that they ordered us to plant a lot of cotton.

after

this sg n adj

acc 1pl clt

oblige 3pl aor P

comp

sow 1pl pres I

much adv

cotton sg m

155 (a) [8:15] That’s very much work. You need to tamp it down with an adze,

and

dat m 3sg

3sg pres cop clt

work sg f def

much adv

nom m 3sg

want 3sg pres I

tamp vbl.n I

with

adze sg f def

156 (a) [8:17] and [working] with an adze is not easy. And we even had a field here nearby,

with

adze sg f def

neg

go.smoothly 3sg pres I

and

even adv

have 1pl impf I

one sg f adj

field sg f

here adv

locality sg f def

157 (a) [8:23] it was called Hrukli. There, they ordered us to plant 12 decares in cotton.

Hrukli sg m place

acc refl clt

say 3sg impf I

twelve

decare ct m

oblige 3pl aor P

acc 1pl clt

comp

acc f 3sg clt

sow 1pl pres I

cotton sg m

158 (a) [8:28] Fine, but we didn’t have the work force, we had to hire day-workers

well adv

but

nom 1pl

not.have 1pl pres I

work sg f adj

hand sg f

must pres imprs

comp

catch 1pl pres I

day.worker pl m

159 (a) [8:32] to work the cotton fields, and then my father-in-law gave [out the word]:

comp

comp

work 1pl pres P

this sg m adj

cotton sg m

then adv

father.in.law sg m def

свекър

dàde

give 3sg aor P

дам

160 (a) [8:37] Whoever had hands to work but no fields should come plant [the fields], and –

who sg m rel

have 3sg pres I

work sg f adj

hand sg f

but

not.have 3pl pres I

field pl f

comp

acc m 3sg

sow 3pl pres P

and

161 (a) [8:41] and use them. So then they’d gather up the cotton for the farmer’s union,

and

comp

acc m 3sg clt

use 3pl pres I

and

and

then adv

hes

gather 3pl impf I

cotton sg m def

cooperative.farm sg f def

кооперация

162 (a) [8:52] and we’d take it [there]. When we gather it up to dry it, and to take it

carry 1pl impf I

cotton sg m def

when inter.rel

acc m 3sg clt

gather 1pl pres I

comp

acc m 3sg clt

dry 1pl pres P

and

comp

acc m 3sg clt

bring 1pl pres P

163 (a) [8:52] to the union, they’d give us money. They’d pay us for it,

fəf

kuperàcijətə

cooperative.farm sg f def

кооперация

and

dat 1pl clt

give 3pl impf I

money pl.t

pay 3pl impf I

acc m 3sg clt

disc

164 (a) [8:57] and would even give us yarn or cloth for it, whatever you asked for.

and

even adv

and

give 3pl impf I

yarn sg f

fabric pl m

give 3pl impf I

in.exchange

which sg m interr

what sg n rel

want 3sg impf I

165 (a) [9:01] Yarn if you want, cloth if you want, or just if you want them to pay you money.

if conj

want 2sg pres I

yarn sg f

if conj

want 2sg pres I

fabric pl m

if conj

want 2sg pres I

money pl.t

comp

dat 2sg clt

give 3pl pres P

166 (VZh) Hm.

bkch

167 (a) [9:07] That’s how it was. That was before we joining the cooperative farm.

thus adv

3sg impf cop

this sg n adj

before

comp

enter 3sg pres P

collective.farm sg n

168 (a) [9:13] But then the cooperative farm came and took the fields [laughter]

and

after

this sg n adj

but

cooperative.farm sg n def

come 3sg aor P

take 3pl aor P

field pl f def

169 (a) [9:18] And whoever wanted to go to work there, to do [it that way] – they did.

and

who sg m rel

want 3sg pres I

comp

go 3sg pres P

comp

work 3sg pres I

what sg m rel

want 3sg pres I

comp

do 3sg pres I

thus adv

170 (VZh) So you did spinning and weaving until spring, and after spring,

disc

spring sg f def

weave vbl.n I

spin vbl.n I

and

after adv

from

spring sg f def

when conj

171 (VZh) after the wheat sprouted, what did you do with it?

when conj

acc refl clt

[...]

appear 3sg pres P

already adv

this sg n adj

wheat sg n def

what sg n interr

acc n 3sg clt

do 2pl aor I

172 (a) [9:32] Well, the wheat – the wheat grows

disc

wheat sg n def

dat refl clt

hes

wheat sg n def

nom n 3sg

dat refl clt

grow 3sg pres I

173 (a) [9:35] it grows the whole summer. Lately they’ve begun to irrigate it,

during

entire sg n def adj

summer sg n

dat refl clt

grow 3sg pres I

and

lately adv

begin 3pl aor P

comp

acc n 3sg clt

water 3pl pres I

174 (a) [9:40] but when we had our own [fields] there was no irrigation.

but

private sg n adj

when inter.rel

1pl impf cop

impf neg exist

water vbl.n I

175 (a) [9:43] [Now] they fertilize it and water it, and when it’s time to gather it,

fertilize 3pl pres I

acc n 3sg clt

water 3pl pres I

acc n 3sg clt

and

when rel

come 3sg pres P

for

gather vbl.n I

176 (a) [9:46] when it’s ripened nicely, we gather it up and that’s done.

when rel

ripen 3sg pres P

well adv

and

acc n 3sg clt

gather 1pl pres I

and

thus adv

177 (a) [9:49] There’s no problem with wheat, you just sow it.

for

wheat sg n def

neg exist

problem sg m

wheat sg n def

only adv

acc refl clt

sow 3sg pres I

178 (a) [9:53] You don’t need to hoe it, or dig it, or anything.

nom n 3sg

neither

acc refl clt

hoe 3sg pres I

neither

acc refl clt

dig 3sg pres I

neither

nothing sg n

179 (VZh) Uh huh.

mhm

bkch

180 (a) [9:57] Corn, you have to dig, you have to start the plowing –

hes

corn sg f def

acc refl clt

dig 3sg pres I

plow 3sg pres I

acc refl clt

181 (a) [10:00] You’ve got to go out to work the corn at least three times,

most

little adv

three

time pl m

must pres imprs

comp

acc refl clt

go 3sg pres P

corn sg f def

182 (a) [10:04] it needs a lot more work. And in the end you bring it in.

nom f 3sg

have 3sg pres I

more adv

work sg f

and

end sg m def

acc refl clt

gather 3sg pres I

183 (VZh) And when it’s time for harvest, when [that time] comes, what do you do?

and

when conj

come 3sg pres P

disc

harvest sg f

when conj

come 3sg pres P

what sg n interr

acc refl clt

work 3sg pres I

184 (a) [10:12] When harvest comes, we reap with sickles, we reap along with the day-workers

harvest sg f

when inter.rel

come 3sg pres P

reap 1pl pres I

with

sickle pl m def

with

day.worker pl m def

reap 1pl pres I

185 (a) [10:18] From morning to evening, from morning to evening –

from

morning sg f

evening sg f

from

morning sg f

evening sg f

186 (a) [10:21] All day we’re in the fields, you know?

entire sg m adj

day sg m

field sg f def

disc

187 (VZh) With this thing that you put –

with

this sg n adj

here adv

rel

acc m 3sg clt

put 2sg pres I

188 (a) [10:25] A swaphook. [laughter]

pələmàrkə̥tə

swaphook sg f def

паламарка

189 (VZh) Uh huh.

bkch

190 (a) [10:27] You reap with sickle and swaphook. And now the young folk sometimes say,

sickle sg m

and

swaphook sg f

acc f 3sg clt

reap 2sg pres I

and

now adv

young pl def adj

some sg m adj

time sg m

call 3pl pres I

191 (a) [10:32] “Oof, it’s really hot today!” And I say, “Hot or not,

excl

today adv

very adv

hot adv

call 1sg pres I

hot adv

not

hot adv

192 (a) [10:35] we did the reaping in that heat.” All day long, all day long. Yes.

this sg f adj

heat sg f

acc refl clt

3sg pres aux clt

reap sg n L.part I

entire sg m adj

day sg m

entire sg m adj

day sg m

disc

193 (VZh) What did you take to drink …

what sg n interr

carry 2sg pres I

there adv

comp

drink 2pl pres I

194 (a) [10:41] [laughter]

195 (VZh) … [when you went] out to the fields?

field sg f def

196 (a) [10:43] Water. [laughter]

vudà

water sg f

вода

197 (VZh) Just water?

only adv

water sg f

198 (a) [10:43] [laughter] Just water. [laughter] Water –

only adv

water sg f

water sg f

199 (a) [10:47] and we [also] put together bread, cheese, eggs, whatever we had in the house.

and

bread sg m

gather 1pl pres I

cheese sg n

egg n

what sg n rel

pres exist

at.home adv

200 (VZh) So the women walk out [in front] and reap,

mean 3sg pres I

woman pl f def

walk 3pl pres I

reap 3pl pres I

201 (a) [10:53] Oh!

ò

excl

202 (VZh) and the men follow.

acc 3pl

man pl m def

203 (a) [10:54] Both women and men! Every [living creature]! And we tie [the wheat] up into sheaves

and

woman pl f def

and

man pl m def

everything sg n adj

and

acc 3pl clt

tie 1pl pres I

sheaf pl m

204 (a) [10:58] and put them in cruciforms, and after we gather the harvest

lay 1pl pres I

acc m 3sg clt

cruciform pl m

and

after

when conj

gather 1pl pres I

harvest sg f def

205 (a) [11:02] then the men start to bring the sheaves to the field, to –

then adv

man pl m def

begin 3pl pres I

comp

carry 3pl pres I

comp

transfer 3pl pres I

sheaf pl m def

field sg m def

comp

206 (a) [11:07] to– to the threshing area. They carry it [all] and when [that’s] finished,

this sg n adj

threshing.field sg m def

comp

acc m 3sg clt

transfer 3pl pres I

and

when inter.rel

finish 3sg pres P

207 (a) [11:10] carrying in the sheaves, we start to thresh with the threshing board.

transfer def vbl.n I

sheaf m def

begin 1pl pres I

comp

thresh 1pl pres I

with

threshing.board sg f def

диканя

208 (VZh) Uh huh. And do you do your threshing here in the yard…

disc

hes

here adv

yard sg m def

interr clt

acc refl clt

thresh 3sg pres I

209 (a) [11:19] We –

nìe

nom 1pl

ние

210 (VZh) … of your own house?

very sg f def

house sg f

211 (a) [11:20] We do the threshing over there. Our yard was big, and we had our own threshing floor.

nom 1pl

thresh 1pl pres I

ost

there adv

our sg m def adj

yard sg m

3sg impf cop

big sg m adj

have 1pl impf I

dat refl clt

threshing.floor sg m

212 (a) [11:23] There were people who didn’t have a threshing area. [So they did it] in the field,

but

pres exist

people pl

rel

not.have 3pl impf I

threshing.floor pl m

field sg m def

213 (a) [11:26] in whatever place anyone could find. For some it was too cramped in the yard,

which sg m interr

where rel

find 3sg pres P

thus adv

[…]

who acc sg m rel

3sg pres cop clt

narrow sg n adj

yard sg m def

214 (a) [11:30] and if they didn’t have a threshing area, they’d find another place to make one.

comp

not.have 3sg pres I

threshing.floor sg m

seek 3sg pres I

elsewhere adv

threshing.floor sg m

comp

dat refl clt

make 3sg pres P

215 (VZh) So then, in order to make this area ready, what do you need

disc

mean 3sg pres I

comp

acc n 3sg clt

prepare 2sg pres P

this sg n adj

place sg n

what sg n interr

must pres imprs

216 (VZh) to have done [in advance] in this, in this …

comp

2sg pres aux clt

do sg m L.part P

this sg n adj

217 (a) [11:42] in this threshing area

nə

hərmànə

threshing.floor sg m def

харман

218 (VZh) … threshing area before you bring in the sheaves?

harmàna

threshing.floor sg m def

before

comp

drive.in 2sg pres P

sheaf pl m def

219 (a) [11:42] You have to pulverize all the grass, you have to clean [the area]

nə

hərmàn’e

threshing.field sg m def

must pres imprs

comp

dat m 3sg clt

pulverize 2sg pres I

grass sg f def

comp

acc m 3sg clt

clean 2sg pres I

220 (a) [11:46] and to bring – they brought water in these – these barrels

and

comp

carry 2sg pres I

and

then adv

with

hes

this sg n adj

with

barrel f def

carry 3pl impf I

water sg f

221 (a) [11:52] from the river, and pour it over that place. They sprinkle it with straw

from

river sg f def

pour 3pl pres I

this sg n adj

place sg n

sprinkle 3pl pres I

acc m 3sg clt

with

straw sg f

222 (a) [11:56] and then you roll it with – there were these special rollers, you roll it

and

acc m 3sg clt

roll 3pl pres I

with

impf exist

such pl adj

special pl adj

roller pl m

roll 3pl pres P

acc m 3sg clt

223 (a) [12:00] and then it’s ready to be a threshing floor.

and

then adv

become 3sg pres I

ready sg n adj

for

threshing.floor sg m

224 (VZh) And…

and

225 (a) [12:06] Not on –

n’è

not

не

226 (VZh) you harness up these…

harness 2sg pres I

this sg n adj

227 (a) [12:07] Yes.

yes

228 (VZh) What do you do then?

what sg n interr

acc refl clt

do 3sg pres I

after adv

229 (a) [12:08] and …

and

230 (VZh) This threshing board, what do they do with it?

dikàn’ata

threshing.board sg f def

how interr

how interr

acc refl clt

work 3sg pres I

with

acc f 3sg

231 (a) [12:10] The threshing board: you take the sheaves, spread them all over the threshing

dikàn’ətə

threshing.board sg f def

take.down 2sg pres I

sheaf pl m def

arrange 2sg pres I

acc 3pl clt

entire sg m def adj

threshing.floor sg m

232 (a) [12:15] and then you harness up the threshing board to oxen, or to horses,

and

fpr’àgəž

harness 2sg pres I

впрягам

dikàn’ətə

threshing.board sg f def

with

ox m

with

horse pl m

233 (a) [12:19] and you go round all day with the threshing board. The men drive it,

and

revolve 3sg pres I

acc refl clt

entire sg m adj

day sg m

now adv

with

threshing.board sg f def

drive 3pl pres I

acc f 3sg clt

man pl m def

234 (a) [12:23] then turn, and they keep on driving. And when the straw has been broken up a bit,

turn 3pl pres I

and

drive 3pl pres I

drive 3pl pres I

drive 3pl pres I

when conj

acc refl clt

become.fine 3sg pres P

little adv

straw sg f def

235 (a) [12:29] [you take] pitchforks and turn over the entire threshing floor. Then they drive again.

with

pitchfork pl f def

turn 3sg pres I

acc refl clt

entire sg m adj

threshing.floor sg m

after

this sg n adj

again adv

drive 3pl pres I

236 (a) [12:33] They have to turn it over at least three or four times. And in the evening

most

little adv

three

four

time pl m

must pres imprs

comp

acc refl clt

turn 3sg pres P

and

evening sg f def

237 (a) [12:37] you rake it all up, you gather it into a single pile in the middle

and

gather 3pl pres I

with

rake n pl

gather 3pl pres I

acc m 3sg clt

one sg m adj

pile sg m

middle sg f def

238 (a) [12:41] of the threshing floor. There were winnowers: they start with the winnower.

nə

hərmàn’e

threshing.floor sg m def

impf exist

winnower pl f

and

begin 3pl pres I

with

winnower sg f def

239 (a) [12:46] One rotates [it], another puts [things in], another pulls the grain out from below,

one sg m adj

revolve 3sg pres I

other sg m def adj

put 3sg pres I

other sg m def adj

pull 3sg pres I

grain sg n def

from.below adv

240 (a) [12:51] and that’s [how it went]. It was tremendous work, tremendous, tremendous.

and

thus adv

big sg m adj

labor sg m

3sg impf cop

big sg m adj

big sg m adj

241 (RA) Uh huh.

bkch

242 (a) [12:54] The work of slaves.

slave sg m adj

labor sg m

243 (RA) Uh huh.

bkch

244 (a) [12:55] The work of slaves.

slave sg m adj

labor sg m

245 (VZh) And then, how did you go to the mill?

and

after adv

mill sg f

how interr

acc refl clt

go 3sg pres I

246 (a) [12:58] Well, after that, when they gather up the wheat it’s already dry.

disc

after

this sg n adj

when inter.rel

gather 3pl pres I

wheat sg n def

nom n 3sg

3sg pres cop clt

already adv

dry sg n adj

247 (a) [13:01] You fill it up in the barns and you take the wheat out of the compartment.

fill 3pl pres P

acc n 3sg clt

barn sg m def

and

from

hes

extract 3pl pres I

from

compartment sg m def

wheat sg n def

248 (a) [13:07] You fill these sacks with it, and then [go] by carriage to the mill.

fill 3pl pres I

acc n 3sg clt

sack pl m

and

with

carriage sg f def

mill sg f def

249 (a) [13:10] [One goes] to the mill by cart, by carriage.

with

cart sg f def

with

carriage sg f def

mill sg f def

250 (VZh) And this compartment, what’s that [thing] that holds it?

and

this sg n adj

compartment sg m

what sg n interr

3sg pres cop clt

this sg n adj

rel

acc n 3sg clt

hold 3sg pres I

251 (a) [13:15] The compartment?

compartment sg m

interr clt

252 (VZh) Yes.

yes

253 (a) [13:16] [laughter] Special compartments for wheat, made of boards in the barn.

special pl adj

compartment pl m

for

wheat sg n def

from

hes

board pl f

make sg n P.part P

barn sg m def

254 (a) [13:23] And it was especially [for that reason] that everyone had these compartments made of boards in the barn.

barn sg m

dat refl clt

impf exist

specially adv

each sg m

and

compartment pl m

dat refl clt

have 3sg impf I

make pl P.part P

from

board pl f

255 (a) [13:29] They put the wheat inside and then you extract it from above with the bushel measure

put 3pl pres I

inside adv

wheat sg n def

and

after

this sg n adj

with

pail sg f def

acc n 3sg clt

extract 3pl pres I

above adv

256 (a) [13:33] and fill up the sacks.

and

fill 3pl pres I

sack pl m def

257 (VZh) Uh huh.

bkch

258 (a) [13:37] Tremendous work that was then, tremendous. How can I tell you?

big sg m adj

big sg m adj

labor sg m

3sg impf cop

then adv

big sg m adj

what sg n interr

comp

dat 2pl clt

say 1sg pres P

259 (a) [13:42] No one who hasn’t experienced it can know. Indescribable! [laughter] Yes.

who sg m rel

neg

3sg pres aux clt

undergo sg m L.part P

neg

know 3sg pres I

indescribable adv

disc

260 (VZh) And after that, how do you make bread?

and

later adv

how interr

acc refl clt

knead 3sg pres I

bread sg m def

already adv

261 (a) [13:50] When they bring [home] the flour, you sift [it]. You’ve got a sieve,

when conj

bring 3pl pres P

flour sg n def

sift 2sg pres P

have 2sg pres I

sieve sg n

262 (a) [13:56] you’ve got a kneading trough, made especially for bread. You sift the flour,

have 2sg pres I

kneading.trough pl.t

for

bread sg m

specially adv

prepare sg n P.part P

fut

sift 2sg pres P

flour sg n def

263 (a) [14:03] you mix in the yeast, and you start to knead the bread.

mix 2sg pres I

yeast sg m

and

begin 2sg pres I

comp

knead 2sg pres I

bread sg m def

264 (a) [14:06] In the summer, you knead it in the evening, that’s what we did.

evening sg f

acc m 3sg clt

knead 2sg pres P

summer sg n adj

time sg n

thus adv

do 1pl impf I

265 (a) [14:09] You knead it in the evening, and get up in the morning to bake it early,

evening sg f

acc m 3sg clt

knead sg imv P

morning sg f

comp

arise 1sg pres P

comp

acc m 3sg clt

bake 1sg pres P

early adv

266 (a) [14:13] [so as] to go off [with it] to the fields with the day-workers. Enormous work!

and

with

day.worker pl m def

comp

go 1sg pres I

field sg f def

labor sg m

big sg m adj

267 (a) [14:16] Yes – Whether you feel like sleeping or not, you have to get up. [laughter]

disc

sleep 3sg pres I

dat 2sg clt

acc refl clt

neg

sleep 3sg pres I

dat 2sg clt

acc refl clt

must pres imprs

comp

arise 2sg pres I

268 (VZh) [laughter]

269 (a) [14:23] [laughter] Ah, what we went through! Today’s young people have no idea,

this sg n adj

rel

1pl pres aux clt

undergo pl L.part P

present-day pl def adj

young pl adj

information sg m

dat refl clt

not.have 3pl pres I

270 (a) [14:29] they didn’t see it. But it was awful –

neg

3pl pres aux clt

acc n 3sg clt

see pl L.part P

but

3sg impf cop

frightening sg f adj

[…]

271 (a) [14:33] Now what’s the big deal? You can get bread ready-made from the bakery.

now adv

what sg n interr

dat n 3sg clt

3sg pres cop clt

comp

take 2sg pres P

bread sg m def

from

oven sg f def

ready m adj

272 (a) [14:36] And milk – [back then] you had to milk the water-buffalo to get [the milk]

and

ml’àktu

milk sg n def

мляко

b’ùulcətə

water.buffalo sg f def

comp

milk 3sg pres P

for

acc n 3sg clt

gather 2sg pres I

273 (a) [14:40] and then mix the milk in the butter churn. Terrible work, it was!

and

milk sg n

mix 2sg pres P

with

churn sg n def

frightening sg f adj

work sg f

3sg impf cop

274 (VZh) When did you have to do the milking?

when interr

must pres imprs

comp

acc n 3sg clt

milk 2sg pres P

milk sg n def

275 (a) [14:47] You milk every morning, and every evening you put it all

milk sg n def

each sg f adj

morning sg f

milk 2sg pres I adj

and

each sg f adj

evening sg f

gather 2sg pres I

acc n 3sg clt

276 (a) [14:51] into a pot, and when it turns into yogurt,

one sg n adj

pot sg n

and

when rel

become 3sg pres P

sour sg n adj

milk sg n

277 (a) [14:56] you pour it into the churn, you pour in some water, and start to churn

pour 2sg pres I

acc n 3sg clt

churn sg n def

pour 2sg pres I

and

water sg f

and

begin 2sg pres P

comp

mix 2sg pres I

278 (VZh) So as to get butter.

comp

extract 2sg pres P

butter sg n

279 (a) [16:01] Yes, so as to get butter.

yes

comp

extract 2sg pres P

butter sg n

280 (VZh) And what about the one who doesn’t milk his animals?

həm

disc

and

who sg m rel

neg

3sg pres aux clt

milk sg m L.part P

281 (a) [16:04] [laughter] He who hasn’t done any milking, doesn’t know [anything about it]!

who sg m rel

neg

3sg pres aux clt

milk sg m L.part I

nom m 3sg

neg

know 3sg pres I

disc

282 (RA) [laughter]