Leštak 2

Leshtak2.mp3

1 (VZh) You’ve never been anywhere else, have you?

nom 2sg

other sg n adj

place sg n

at.all adv

neg

2sg pres aux clt

go sg f L.part I

disc

2 (d) [0:04] No.

nè

не

3 (RA) Did you go to school?

school sg n

go sg f L.part I

interr clt

2sg pres aux clt

4 (d) [0:08] A little.

màlku

little adv

малък

5 (VZh) For how many years?

how.many adv

year f pl

6 (d) [0:11] Two or three years.

two f

three

year pl f

7 (VZh) Back then, they didn’t let girls go to school very long, did they?

then adv

neg

acc 3pl clt

allow 3pl impf I

girl pl n def

comp

go 3pl pres I

much adv

school sg n

disc

8 (d) [0:16] No. No.

9 (VZh) And why [was] that?

disc

what interr

thus adv

10 (d) [0:18] Because they didn’t let us, who knows why?

disc

because conj

neg

3pl pres aux clt

dat 1pl clt

allow pl L.part I

which sg m interr

know 3sg pres I

why interr

11 (VZh) [They were supposed] to stay at home and help, right?

comp

stay 3pl pres I

at.home adv

comp

help 3pl pres I

disc

12 (d) [0:23] Right. At home – to learn how to help, how to

disc

now adv

at.home adv

comp

acc refl clt

learn 3pl pres I

comp

help 3pl pres I

comp

13 (VZh) Uh huh.

əhə

bkch

аха

14 (d) [0:26] work, [laughter] in order to earn [your] bread [laughter] [unintelligible]. If you don’t work

work 3pl pres I

comp

earn 3pl pres I

bread sg m

if conj

neg

work 2sg pres I

15 (d) [0:32] there’s no bread. In those days there was no ready-baked bread

disc

pres neg exist

bread sg m

disc

because conj

past sg n def med adj

time sg n

impf neg exist

bread sg m

bake sg m P.part P

16 (d) [0:37] to go and buy. Whatever you produce, that’s [what you’ve got].

comp

go 2sg pres P

comp

take 2sg pres P

nom n 3sg

what sg n rel med

dat refl clt

produce 2sg pres P

thus adv

17 (d) [0:42] What you earn from the earth.

comp

dat refl clt

earn 2sg pres P

from

earth sg f def med

18 (VZh) And there were only a few fields here, right?

and

field pl f def

little adv

3pl pres aux clt

pl L.part cop

here adv

disc

19 (d) [0:49] They weren’t “few” back then! There were fields then. [It’s] now –

nom 3pl

3pl impf cop

not

little adv

then med adv

disc

impf exist

then med adv

field f pl

now adv

3pl pres cop clt

20 (d) [0:51] [it’s] now [that] there’s not many fields. Later when the cooperative farms took

now adv

3pl pres cop clt

little adv

field pl f def med

disc

place pl n def med

later adv

when inter.rel

T.K.Z.S. sg n def med

ТКЗС

z’ʌ̀hə

take 3pl aor P

взема

21 (d) [0:51] these areas, they rendered these areas crippled.

place pl n def med

this pl adj

place pl n

acc refl clt

cripple 3pl aor P

22 (VZh) Did they take the livestock?

livestock sg m def

take 3pl aor P

interr clt

acc m 3sg clt

23 (a) [1:04] Well [yes], they took the livestock too.

pres exist

nom 3pl

take 3pl aor P

and

livestock sg m def

24 (VZh) What sort of livestock did you have? Sheep?

what.kind sg m adj

livestock sg m

have 2pl impf I

sheep pl f

25 (d) [1:09] They took sheep, they took mules, they took oxen, and –

disc

and

sheep pl f

take 3pl impf I

and

mule pl n

take 3pl impf I

and

ox pl m

take 3pl impf I

and

26 (VZh) Back then what did you have to do to work the fields. This –

and

then adv

field sg f def

[…]

what sg n interr

must pres I imprs

comp

make 2sg pres I

this sg f adj

[...]

27 (VZh) Let’s say you planted potatoes this year. The next year?

rel

2sg pres aux clt

acc f 3sg clt

sow sg f L.part I

this sg f adj

year f sg

with

potato pl m

following sg f def adj

следващ

godìna

year f sg

година

28 (d) [1:21] The following year I’d plant the field again, here. And later,

s’ètnə̥tə

next sg f def med adj

year sg f

fut

plant 1sg pres P

again adv

field sg f

here adv

and

later adv

29 (d) [1:25] when it ripens, when it grows big and ripens, we harvest it in the spring.

when rel

ripen 3sg pres P

fut

grow 3sg pres P

and

ripen 3sg pres P

fut

acc n 3sg clt

reap 3sg pres I

in.spring adv

30 (VZh) Ah, so you [all] did the reaping. So you ha-

excl

but

nom 2pl

2pl pres aux clt

and

reap pl L.part I

mean 3sg pres I

2pl pres aux clt

[...]

31 (d) [1:31] [Well,] what [else] are you going to do with it?

what sg n interr

comp

acc n 3sg clt

do 2sg pres I

32 (VZh) Wheat, rye – what did you plant here?

wheat sg f

rye sg m

what sg n interr

plant 2pl impf I

here adv

33 (d) [1:37] Pretty much [all] rye.

almost adv

rye sg m

34 (VZh) Uh huh.

əhə̀

bkch

аха

35 (d) [1:39] Rye. You harvest it, make sure it’s harvested so as to get [to where]

rye sg m

reap 2sg pres I

and

look 2sg pres I

comp

comp

acc n 3sg clt

reap 2sg pres P

comp

become 3sg pres P

36 (d) [1:44] you can then bake bread because –

comp

bake 2sg pres I

bread sg m

later adv

because conj

37 (VZh) So from the rye you –

disc

mean 3sg pres I

from

rye sg m

2pl pres aux clt

acc m 3sg clt

38 (d) [1:48] What – What [else can] you eat?

what sg n interr

what sg n interr

comp

eat 2sg pres I

39 (VZh) What time [of year] do you plant this – rye?

what sg n interr adj

time sg n

acc refl clt

sow 3sg pres I

this sg f adj

rye sg f

40 (d) [1:53] The rye gets planted now, and it gets harvested in the spring.

rye sg m def med

acc refl clt

sow 3sg pres I

ost

now adv

and

acc refl clt

in.spring adv

then adv

reap 3sg pres I

41 (VZh) Uh huh – and how do you harvest it?

əmhəm

disc

and

how interr

acc refl clt

reap 3sg pres I

42 (d) [1:58] Well, with a sickle.

disc

səs

with

sʌ̀rpəs

sickle sg m def prox

сърп

43 (VZh) With a sickle. And how? With which hand?

with

sickle sg m def prox

and

how interr

with

which sg f interr adj

кой

rəkà

hand sg f

ръка

44 (d) [2:04] You grab it like this, and there’s the field, and you cut it all down with the sickle.

disc

thus adv

grasp 3sg pres I

and

this sg n med adj

field sg f def med

and

this sg n prox adj

acc n 3sg clt

cut 2sg pres I

with

sickle sg m def prox

45 (VZh) Uh huh, and do you put something on this hand?

əmhəm

disc

and

this sg f adj

hand sg f

something sg n

put 2sg pres I

interr clt

46 (d) [2:11] No. You just grab it [with] your hand, and –

[...]

only adv

grasp 2sg pres I

hand sg f def med

and

47 (d) [2:13] and cut it with the sickle, and gather it up.

and

slice 2sg pres I

with

sickle sg m def med

and

gather 2sg pres P

acc m 3sg clt

48 (VZh) OK, and after you’ve made a single cut, once,

thus adv

and

when conj

acc m 3sg clt

cut 2sg pres P

this sg n adj

one sg m adj

time m

49 (VZh) how do you call the section you’ve cut off?

how interr

acc refl clt

say 3sg pres I

rel

2sg pres aux clt

acc m 3sg clt

cut sg m L.part P

50 (d) [2:20] Sheaves, [that’s how] they gather it up.

sheaf pl m

acc m 3sg clt

gather 3pl pres I

51 (VZh) In sheaves.

на

snòpe

sheaf pl m

сноп

52 (d) [2:22] They tie it [into] sheaves.

disc

tie 3pl pres I

acc m 3sg clt

sheaf pl m

53 (VZh) Who – Do the men come after you?

which sg m interr

man m def pl

interr clt

go 3pl pres I

after

acc 2pl

54 (d) [2:26] The men and women both, everybody.

and

man pl m def med

and

woman pl f def med

all indcl

55 (VZh) OK. You gather [all] this up, and then

disc

thus adv

disc

with

this sg n adj

acc m 3sg clt

gather 3pl pres I

and

after adv

56 (VZh) what do they do with the sheaves?

what sg n interr

acc m 3sg clt

do 3pl pres I

with

sheaf pl m def

57 (d) [2:33] They gather it [all] up in one spot, and it dries,

then med adv

acc m 3sg clt

gather 3pl pres I

one sg n adj

place sg n

dry 3sg pres P

58 (d) [2:35] and they thresh it with the mule, then gather it up and grind it at the mill,

and

with

mule sg n def med

acc m 3sg clt

thresh 3pl pres I

and

gather 3pl pres P

acc m 3sg clt

and

mill sg f def med

acc m 3sg clt

grind 3pl pres I

59 (d) [2:39] and it becomes flour so you can bake bread.

and

[...]

become 3sg pres P

flour sg n

comp

bake 3sg pres I

bread sg m

60 (VZh) Ah, with a mule. Is the mule tied

excl

mean 3sg pres I

with

mule sg n def

but

mule sg n def

hes

tie sg n P.part P

interr clt

3sg pres cop clt

61 (VZh) to something, or does someone hold it?

something sg n

someone sg m

acc n 3sg clt

hold 3sg pres I

62 (d) [2:47] No, someone in the middle holds the mule; it unwinds [the rope] and threshes,

[...]

hold 3sg pres I

acc n 3sg clt

one sg m adj

center sg f def med

unwind 3sg pres I

mule sg n def med

and

thresh 3sg pres I

acc n 3sg clt

63 (VZh) Uh huh.

əmhm

bkch

64 (d) [2:50] and the grain falls. It falls down, becomes straw, and we feed [it to] the livestock.

and

fall 3sg pres P

grain sg n def med

and

fall 3sg pres P

become 3sg pres P

straw sg f def med

again adv

feed 3pl pres I

livestock sg m def med

добитък

65 (VZh) So – that place where the mule goes around, where you’ve put the sheaves,

disc

hes

this sg n adj

place sg n

rel

mule sg n def

walk 3sg pres I

rel

2sg pres aux clt

place sg f L.part P

sheaf pl m

66 (VZh) how do you call that?

nom n 3sg

how interr

acc refl clt

say 3sg pres I

67 (d) [2:59] The threshing floor.

hərmàn

threshing.floor sg m

харман

68 (VZh) Uh huh. How do you prepare the threshing floor before you –

əmhm

disc

harmàna

threshing.floor sg m def

how interr

acc m 3sg clt

prepare 2sg pres I

before

comp

disc

69 (d) [3:03] Well, the threshing floor is prepared. Some place, some flat area,

disc

disc

nom n 3sg

dat refl clt

threshing.floor sg m def

харман

prigòtven

prepare sg m P.part P

some sg n adj

place sg n

one sg n adj

flat.place sg n

70 (d) [3:06] some flattish meadow. That’s the threshing floor and they thresh there, and –

some sg f adj

meadow sg f

flat sg f adj

and

threshing.floor sg m def

and

thresh 3pl pres I

there adv

and

71 (VZh) Don’t you have to sweep it out, to wa-

neg

must pres I imprs

interr clt

comp

acc m 3sg clt

sweep 2sg pres P

comp

[...]

72 (d) [3:15] [Well, yes], you sweep it.

well

sweep 2sg pres I

acc m 3sg clt

73 (VZh) Yes, and then?

yes

and

after adv

74 (d) [3:18] You sweep it, winnow it, and off to the mill [laughter] you grind it [laughter]

disc

sweep 2sg pres P

acc m 3sg clt

winnow 2sg pres P

acc m 3sg clt

and

hort

mill sg f

acc m 3sg clt

grind 2sg pres P

75 (VZh) And where was the mill around here? Was it nearby?

and

mill sg f def

where interr

3sg impf cop

here adv

close adv

interr clt

3sg impf cop

76 (d) [3:25] No, [it was] up [there]. There was a neighborhood there, on the river.

disc

here adv

above adv

one sg n adj

neighborhood sg f

impf exist

here adv

river sg f def med

77 (VZh) Uh huh. And to – How did you drive it up there?

əmhəm

bkch

and

with

what sg n interr

fut

acc m 3sg clt

drive 2sg pres P

to.there adv

78 (d) [3:35] With the mule

with

mùl’etu

mule sg n def med

муле

79 (VZh) And when you bring it back what do you put it in?

disc

when conj

acc m 3sg clt

return 2sg pres P

what sg n interr

[...]

acc m 3sg clt

то

slàgate

put 2pl pres I

слагам

80 (d) [3:40] When you bring it back, you carry it in some kind of chest, and

when conj

acc m 3sg clt

return 2sg pres P

carry 2sg pres P

acc m 3sg clt

some.kind sg m adj

chest sg m

and

81 (d) [3:44] you’ll, you’ll, and when you mix it and make bread and eat! [laughter]

fut

acc m 3sg clt

fut

acc m 3sg clt

when inter.rel

mix 2sg pres P

comp

bake 2sg pres P

bread sg m

and

comp

eat 2sg pres I

82 (VZh) Where do you keep it in the house?

where interr

acc n 3sg clt

hold 2sg pres I

house sg f def

83 (d) [3:51] Where to keep it? Each one [puts] in wherever. [In] some chest.

where interr

acc n 3sg clt

hold 2sg pres I

who sg m

what indcl interr

rel dist

pres exist

some sg m adj

chest sg m

84 (VZh) And the thing you knead in, what’s that called?

and

this sg n adj

rel

knead 2sg pres I

acc m 3sg

how interr

acc refl clt

say 3sg pres I

85 (d) [4:01] A trough

kupàn’ə

trough sg f

копаня

86 (VZh) A trough – and what is it made from?

trough sg f

nom n 3sg

from

what sg n interr

3sg pres cop clt

make sg n P.part P

87 (d) [4:03] From boards, from wood.

from

board pl f

from

wood pl n

88 (VZh) Life wasn’t easy then, was it?

excl

mean 3sg pres I

neg

3sg pres aux clt

sg m L.part cop

then adv

easy sg m adj

life sg m def

disc

89 (d) [4:14] Well, life – whatever there was, that was it. You couldn’t –

disc

disc

life sg m def med

when interr

what rel

pres exist

thus dist adv

3sg pres cop clt

neg

3pl pres cop clt

90 (VZh) So how does it seem to you? What was easier, then or now?

disc

when interr

dat 2sg clt

acc refl clt

seem 3sg pres I

when interr

3sg impf cop

easy sg n adj

now adv

then adv

91 (d) [4:26] Well back then – it was nice for back then.

disc

and

then med adv

3sg impf cop

then med adv

then dist adv

3sg impf cop

then dist adv

nice sg n adj

92 (d) [4:30] But now it’s also nice, because it’s all there is.

now adv

again adv

this sg n med adj

3sg pres cop clt

nice sg n adj

disc

pres neg exist

other sg n adj

93 (RA) [laughter] That’s it!

takà

thus adv

така

3sg pres cop clt

съм

94 (VZh) [laughter]

[...]

95 (d) [4:34] That’s right. Whatever comes, that’s how it is.

thus med adv

3sg pres cop clt

when interr

what sg n rel dist

come 3sg pres P

thus dist adv

3sg pres cop clt

thus med adv

3sg pres cop clt

excl

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Participants

VZh

RA

d

a

Leštak 2

1 (VZh) You’ve never been anywhere else, have you?

2 (d) [0:04] No.

3 (RA) Did you go to school?

4 (d) [0:08] A little.

5 (VZh) For how many years?

6 (d) [0:11] Two or three years.

7 (VZh) Back then, they didn’t let girls go to school very long, did they?

8 (d) [0:16] No. No.

9 (VZh) And why [was] that?

10 (d) [0:18] Because they didn’t let us, who knows why?

11 (VZh) [They were supposed] to stay at home and help, right?

12 (d) [0:23] Right. At home – to learn how to help, how to

13 (VZh) Uh huh.

14 (d) [0:26] work, [laughter] in order to earn [your] bread [laughter] [unintelligible]. If you don’t work

15 (d) [0:32] there’s no bread. In those days there was no ready-baked bread

16 (d) [0:37] to go and buy. Whatever you produce, that’s [what you’ve got].

17 (d) [0:42] What you earn from the earth.

18 (VZh) And there were only a few fields here, right?

19 (d) [0:49] They weren’t “few” back then! There were fields then. [It’s] now –

20 (d) [0:51] [it’s] now [that] there’s not many fields. Later when the cooperative farms took

21 (d) [0:51] these areas, they rendered these areas crippled.

22 (VZh) Did they take the livestock?

23 (a) [1:04] Well [yes], they took the livestock too.

24 (VZh) What sort of livestock did you have? Sheep?

25 (d) [1:09] They took sheep, they took mules, they took oxen, and –

26 (VZh) Back then what did you have to do to work the fields. This –

27 (VZh) Let’s say you planted potatoes this year. The next year?

28 (d) [1:21] The following year I’d plant the field again, here. And later,

29 (d) [1:25] when it ripens, when it grows big and ripens, we harvest it in the spring.

30 (VZh) Ah, so you [all] did the reaping. So you ha-

31 (d) [1:31] [Well,] what [else] are you going to do with it?

32 (VZh) Wheat, rye – what did you plant here?

33 (d) [1:37] Pretty much [all] rye.

34 (VZh) Uh huh.

35 (d) [1:39] Rye. You harvest it, make sure it’s harvested so as to get [to where]

36 (d) [1:44] you can then bake bread because –

37 (VZh) So from the rye you –

38 (d) [1:48] What – What [else can] you eat?

39 (VZh) What time [of year] do you plant this – rye?

40 (d) [1:53] The rye gets planted now, and it gets harvested in the spring.

41 (VZh) Uh huh – and how do you harvest it?

42 (d) [1:58] Well, with a sickle.

43 (VZh) With a sickle. And how? With which hand?

44 (d) [2:04] You grab it like this, and there’s the field, and you cut it all down with the sickle.

45 (VZh) Uh huh, and do you put something on this hand?

46 (d) [2:11] No. You just grab it [with] your hand, and –

47 (d) [2:13] and cut it with the sickle, and gather it up.

48 (VZh) OK, and after you’ve made a single cut, once,

49 (VZh) how do you call the section you’ve cut off?

50 (d) [2:20] Sheaves, [that’s how] they gather it up.

51 (VZh) In sheaves.

52 (d) [2:22] They tie it [into] sheaves.

53 (VZh) Who – Do the men come after you?

54 (d) [2:26] The men and women both, everybody.

55 (VZh) OK. You gather [all] this up, and then

56 (VZh) what do they do with the sheaves?

57 (d) [2:33] They gather it [all] up in one spot, and it dries,

58 (d) [2:35] and they thresh it with the mule, then gather it up and grind it at the mill,

59 (d) [2:39] and it becomes flour so you can bake bread.

60 (VZh) Ah, with a mule. Is the mule tied

61 (VZh) to something, or does someone hold it?

62 (d) [2:47] No, someone in the middle holds the mule; it unwinds [the rope] and threshes,

63 (VZh) Uh huh.

64 (d) [2:50] and the grain falls. It falls down, becomes straw, and we feed [it to] the livestock.

65 (VZh) So – that place where the mule goes around, where you’ve put the sheaves,

66 (VZh) how do you call that?

67 (d) [2:59] The threshing floor.

68 (VZh) Uh huh. How do you prepare the threshing floor before you –

69 (d) [3:03] Well, the threshing floor is prepared. Some place, some flat area,

70 (d) [3:06] some flattish meadow. That’s the threshing floor and they thresh there, and –

71 (VZh) Don’t you have to sweep it out, to wa-