Malevo/Asg 2

MalevoAsgr2.final_.mp3

1 (b) [0:01] I have been practicing this craft since childhood, [indeed] my whole life,

tòu

this sg m med adj

craft sg m

acc m 3sg clt

practice 1sg pres I

from

child pl adj

year pl f

still adv

through

entire sg m def adj

dat refl clt

life sg m

2 (b) [0:08] and I’m continuing to do this work even though I am on in years –

and

continue 1sg pres I

comp

dat refl clt

acc m 3sg clt

work 1sg pres I

despite conj

1sg pres cop clt

elderly sg m adj

3 (b) [0:14] I’m seventy-six, and still put in the effort to ply my trade

seventy

and

six

year pl f

again adv

torture 1sg pres I

comp

1sg pres I

craft sg m def

4 (b) [0:21] so as to earn a lev here and there for my old age.

comp

can 1sg pres I

comp

earn 1sg pres I

some sg m adj

lev sg m

for

antiquity pl f

5 (b) [0:26] Because my pension is [quite] small,

since conj

pension sg f def med

dat 1sg clt

3sg pres cop clt

small sg f adj

6 (a) [0:29] [this means] I’m obliged to work.

and

so.that conj

acc refl clt

ought pres I imprs

comp

work 1sg pres I

7 (VZh) [What materials (= kinds of lumber) did you work with?]

[ … ]

8 (b) [0:32] The lumber I was [able to] get was – we call it fir,

material sg m def

which sg m rel med

acc refl clt

suppy 1pl impf I

3sg impf cop

nom 1pl

acc m 3sg clt

say 1pl pres I

fir sg f

9 (b) [0:38] or, as foresters say, spruce. Only that kind of lumber.

hes

otherwise adv

in.forester.way adv

acc refl clt

say 3sg pres I

spruce sg m

only adv

such sg m med adj

material sg m

10 (b) [0:44] We went out to the woods and would seek it out in rocky places

and

acc m 3sg clt

go 1pl pres I

around

forest sg f def med

acc m 3sg clt

seek 1pl impf I

around

rocky sg n adj

place sg n

11 (VZh) [“tŭrsime” (seek) or “trŭsime” (seek)?]

[...]

12 (b) [0:51] We’d seek it! Seek it in the kinds of places where there are rocks,

trɤ̀sime

seek 1pl pres I

търся

à

disc

hes

seek 1pl pres I

such sg n med adj

place sg n

where rel med

pres exist

stone pl m

13 (b) [0:59] that tree [is best when] it grows among rocks

stone pl m

comp

grow 3sg pres I

this sg n med adj

tree sg n

14 (b) [1:01] because when it grows among rocks the wood inside is fine-grained,

because

when rel

grow 3sg pres I

stone pl m

wood sg n def med

3sg pres cop clt

inside adv

tiny sg n adj

15 (b) [1:06] and fine-grained wood is strong and lasting, and [so] we make containers from it.

and

sìtnutu

tiny sg n def med adj

wood sg n

3sg pres cop clt

healthy sg n adj

and

lasting sg n adj

and

from

acc n 3sg

work 1pl pres I

vessel pl m

16 (b) [1:13] We’ve been working this wood many years, because at that time we worked by hand.

such sg m med adj

material sg m

many adv

year pl f

work 1pl impf I

since conj

then med adv

work 1pl impf I

hand sg f

17 (b) [1:19] We didn’t have machines, and we worked that wood by hand

not.have 1pl pres I

machine pl f

work 1pl impf I

hand sg f

and

this sg n med adj

wood sg n

18 (b) [1:28] That wood isn’t hard the way acacia and oak [are]

this sg n med adj

tree sg n

neg

3sg pres cop clt

hard sg n adj

acacia sg m def

and

oak sg m def

19 (b) [1:37] [which is] why we worked it by hand. We had no machines at all then,

for.that adv

acc m 3sg clt

work 1pl impf I

hand sg f

and

overall adv

then adv

not.have 1pl impf I

no.kind pl adj

machine pl f

20 (b) [1:43] We worked everything by hand. Consequently when, after many years

everything sg n adj

dat refl clt

work 1pl impf I

hand sg f

and

consequently adv

after

many adv

year pl f

21 (b) [1:51] machines became available, I got myself a planing machine

already adv

interr

emerge 3pl aor P

machine pl f

nom 1sg

dat refl clt

take 1pl aor P

one f sg adj

planing.machine sg f

22 (b) [1:57] and use it to work with acacia and oak since their wood is very hard

and

acc f 3sg

work 1pl pres I

acacia sg m

oak sg m

since conj

nom 3pl

3pl pres cop clt

very adv

hard sg n adj

wood sg n

23 (b) [2:08] and can’t be worked by hand. But now they can be worked with the machine,

hand sg f

neg

can pres imprs

acc refl clt

work 3pl pres I

and

now adv

already adv

work 3pl pres I

machine sg f def med

24 (b) [2:15] despite the fact that I’m on in years, I still [can] continue to work.

despite conj

1sg pres cop clt

and

elderly sg m adj

but

again adv

continue 1sg pres I

and

dat refl clt

си

ràbut’ɛ

work 1sg pres I

работя

25 (b) [2:19] When I have work of course. When I don’t I just sit around! [laughter] So there.

when rel

have 1sg pres I

work sg f

understand 3sg pres I

acc refl clt

when rel

not.have 1sg pres I

sit 1sg pres I

this sg n med adj

3sg pres cop clt

26 (VZh) [Did you have [enough] work earlier on?]

[...]

27 (b) [2:26] Earlier on we had a lot of work. However now – to say it with a single word –

early adv

have 1pl impf I

much adv

work sg f

however adv

now adv

with

one f adj

word sg f

say sg n P.part P

28 (b) [2:31] there’s no work. Very little [anyway]. In our craft most of the work

work sg f

pres neg exist

very adv

3sg pres cop clt

weak sg f adj

and

later adv

our sg m def adj

craft sg m

mostly def adv

work sg f

29 (b) [2:37] comes in the fall when people need crocks for cabbage or barrels for wine,

pres exist

autumn sg n adj

time sg n

when rel

need pres I imprs

for

cabbage sg n

crock sg f

need pres I imprs

barrel sg f

for

wine sg n

30 (b) [2:46] small kegs for brandy, small flasks for water [and so on]. So mostly

need pres I imprs

little pl adj

keg pl n

for

brandy sg f

flask pl n

for

water sg f

and

mostly def adv

31 (b) [2:55] we work in the autumn. There’s very little [work] in summer, but now in autumn

work 1pl impf I

autumn sg n adj

time sg n

during

summer sg n def med

very adv

weak sg n adj

and

now adv

and

during

autumn sg f def med

32 (b) [3:01] there’s no work because now they’ve come out with all these plastic containers,

pres neg exist

work sg f

because

already adv

emerge 3pl aor P

most

diverse pl adj

hes

plastic pl adj

vessel pl m

33 (b) [3:08] and people use those for - for such things.

and

acc 3pl

use 3pl pres I

for

for

such pl med adj

thing pl f

34 (VZh) [Did you go out into the woods to get lumber?]

[...]

35 (b) [3:14] Rarely. I would rarely go [out there]. I had a mule and a donkey, and

rarely adv

go 1sg impf I

rarely adv

have 1sg impf I

mule sg n

and

donkey sg n

36 (b) [3:20] [If I go], I go, bring it back, and when I use it all up [I go] again.

go 1sg pres P

bring 1sg pres P

when rel

acc 3pl clt

work 1sg pres P

then adv

again adv

37 (VZh) [How did you load them up?]

[...]

38 (b) [3:26] The donkey has a packsaddle, and the mule had a packsaddle. I tie the mule up

donkey sg n def med

dat refl clt

have 3sg pres I

packsaddle sg m

and

mule sg n def med

dat refl clt

have 3sg impf I

packsaddle sg m

tie 1sg pres P

mule sg n def med

39 (b) [3:31] following the donkey, pile on the ax and the saw, and mount the donkey’s packsaddle,

after

donkey sg n def med

put 1sg pres P

ax sg f def med

and

saw sg m def

mount 1sg pres P

acc refl clt

packsaddle sg m def

donkey sg n def med

40 (b) [3:39] and straight off into the woods. I let them loose to graze all day

direct adv

forest sg f def med

release 1sg pres P

acc 3pl clt

there adv

comp

graze 3pl pres I

entire sg m adj

day sg m

41 (b) [3:43] [while] I prepare two loads, and in the evening, I drive them back.

nom 1sg

fut

prepare 1sg pres P

two m

load ct m

and

evening sg f def med

fut

dat refl clt

acc 3pl clt

drive 1sg pres P

42 (VZh) [How did you used to make churned milk?]

[...]

43 (b) [3:48] After we churn milk – we churn it in special centrifuges

after

when conj

churn 1pl pres P

milk sg n def med

nom 1pl

acc n 3sg clt

churn 1pl pres I

special pl adj

centrifuge pl f

44 (b) [3:53] which I myself fashioned, wooden centrifuges – we put the milk in the centrifuge

which pl rel med adj

nom 1sg

acc 3pl clt

work 1sg impf I

wooden pl adj

centrifuge sg f

put 1pl pres I

centrifuge sg f def med

центрофуга

ml’àkutu

milk sg n def med

мляко

45 (b) [4:03] and we start [it] to spin. It spins and spins until the fat separates from the milk.

and

begin 1pl pres I

comp

spin 1pl pres I

spin 1pl pres I

spin 1pl pres I

until conj

acc refl clt

separate 3sg pres P

fat sg n def med

from

milk sg n def med

46 (b) [4:11] After that we take the fat away, and the remaining milk we call churned milk.

and

after

this sg n med adj

already adv

remove 1pl pres I

fat sg n def med

and

milk sg n def med

acc n 3sg clt

call 1pl pres I

churned.milk sg f

47 (b) [4:18] We drink it in place of water! [laughter]

acc n 3sg

acc n 3sg clt

drink 1pl pres I

in.place.of

water sg f

48 (VZh) [And when did you do the reaping?]

[...]

49 (b) [4:21] When things ripen in the fields – wheat, rye, oats – when they’re ripe we go to the fields

when rel

ripen 3pl pres P

field pl f def med

wheat sg f

rye sg f

oats sg m

when conj

ripen 3pl pres P

then adv

go 1pl pres I

field sg f def med

50 (b) [4:31] with sickles in our hands and start to reap and to make sheaves.

with

sickle pl m

hand sg f

and

begin 1pl pres I

comp

reap 1pl pres I

and

make 1pl pres I

sheaf pl m

51 (b) [4:39] After we reap the fields we make sheaves, and bring them onto the threshing-floor:

after

when conj

reap 1pl pres P

field sg f def med

make 1pl pres P

sheaf pl m def med

carry 1pl pres P

acc 3pl clt

one sg m adj

threshing.field sg m

52 (b) [4:44] there’s a special field, the threshing-floor, where we thresh these sheaves with a mule

pres exist

dat refl clt

field sg f def med

special sg m adj

threshing.field sg m

where rel med

thresh 1pl pres I

this pl med adj

sheaf pl m

with

mule sg n def med

53 (b) [4:50] and donkeys. When we bring [the sheaves] in, I make them into a pile

and

donkey sg n def med

when conj

acc 3pl clt

carry 1pl pres P

threshing.floor sg m def

nom 1sg

make 1sg pres P

pile sg m

54 (b) [4:59] so they won’t get wet. I make all of the sheaves

for

comp

neg

can pres imprs

comp

acc refl clt

moisten 3pl pres I

all pl adj

sheaf pl m

acc 3pl clt

make 1sg pres I

55 (b) [5:02] into a pile so that when it starts to rain they won’t get wet.

pile sg m

when rel

rain 3sg pres P

comp

neg

can pres imprs

comp

acc refl clt

moisten 3pl pres I

56 (b) [5:07] And after we’ve reaped everywhere, all the fields, the we start to thresh.

and

when conj

reap 1pl pres P

everywhere adv

all pl adj

field f pl

and

begin 1pl pres I

then adv

comp

thresh 1pl pres I

57 (b) [5:13] We thresh with mules and donkeys, on that threshing-floor where the piles are.

thresh 1pl pres I

with

mule sg n def med

and

donkey sg n def med

this sg m med adj

threshing.field sg m

where rel med

3pl pres cop clt

pile pl m def med

58 (b) [5:18] After we finish threshing, we pull out the straw, and separate it from the grain.

after

when conj

acc n 3sg clt

thresh 1pl pres P

take.out 1pl pres P

straw sg f def med

separate 1pl pres P

acc f 3sg clt

from

grain sg n def med

59 (b) [5:23] We gather up the grain into a stack and – we have these special wooden shovels,

gather 1pl pres P

grain sg n def med

one sg m adj

stack sg m

and

dat refl clt

have 1pl pres I

special pl adj

shovel pl m

wooden pl adj

60 (b) [5:30] we call them “shovels”, and begin to throw [the grain] up in to the air,

say 1pl pres I

dat n 3sg clt

shovel sg f

and

begin 1pl pres I

comp

throw 1pl pres I

air sg m def

up adv

61 (b) [5:34] and the wind separates out the chaff, and the grain ends up clean. And after

and

wind sg m def

separate 3sg pres I

chaff sg f def med

and

grain sg n def med

remain 3sg pres I

pure sg n adj

and

after

when conj

62 (b) [5:40] we winnow everything, we gather the grain up into sacks and put the chaff with the straw

everything sg n adj

acc n 3sg clt

winnow 1pl pres P

gather 1pl pres I

grain sg n def med

sack pl m

chaff sg f def med

with

straw sg f def med

acc 3pl clt

put 1pl pres I

63 (b) [5:46] into net bags. We load these bags onto the mules, one on each side,

net.bag pl m

this pl med adj

net.bag pl m

acc 3pl clt

load 1pl pres I

mule sg n def med

one sg m adj

net.bag sg m

on.side adv

64 (b) [5:53] and straight into the barn, so that they’ll be able to eat during the winter,

and

straight adv

barn sg f def med

for

during

winter sg f def med

comp

can pres imprs

comp

eat 3pl pres I

65 (b) [5:58] so there will be something to feed them.

comp

pres exist

what sg n interr

comp

acc 3pl clt

feed 1pl pres I

66 (VZh) [To feed whom?]

[...]

67 (b) [6:01] Cows, mules – the mule, the donkey – the livestock! Cattle, the cattle, the mule –

cow pl f def med

and

mule pl n

mule sg n def med

and

donkey sg n def med

livestock sg m def

cattle pl n

cattle pl n def med

and

mule sg n def med

68 (VZh) [What time (of year) did you go out to do the mowing?]

[ ... ]

69 (b) [6:10] When it comes time to mow the meadows, I go out with the mule and the donkey;

when rel

meadow pl f def med

come 3pl pres P

time sg n

comp

acc refl clt

mow 3pl pres I

go 1sg pres I

with

mule sg n def med

and

donkey sg n def med

70 (b) [6:21] I take a scythe, a small anvil and a whetstone, I go out to the meadow, and I start to mow,

take 1sg pres I

scythe sg f def med

anvil pl n def med

whetstone sg m def

and

go 1sg pres I

meadow sg f def med

and

begin 1sg pres I

comp

mow 1sg pres I

71 (b) [6:30] by hand. After I finish mowing we gather [the hay] up onto threshing fields, and dry it,

hand sg f

after

when conj

acc sg n 3sg

mow 1sg pres P

gather 1pl pres P

acc sg n 3sg

threshing.floor pl m

dry 1pl pres P

acc sg n 3sg

72 (b) [6:38] and after that we gather it into stacks and from there again into [these] other bags -

and

after

this sg n med adj

stack pl m

acc 3sg clt

gather 1pl pres P

and

from.there adv

again adv

net.bag pl m

73 (b) [6:44] into bags, which we then drive in on the mules [to] the barn for the livestock –

net.bag pl m

and

mule sg n def med

acc sg n 3sg

bring 1pl pres I

barn sg f def med

for

cattle sg m def

74 (b) [6:49] for the mule and the cattle.

for

mule sg n def med

and

for

cattle pl n def med

75 (VZh) [What else did you do when you were young?]

[...]

76 (b) [6:54] In my youth, so to say, I was a great aficionado of the round dance.

young pl def med adj

year pl f

comp

say 1sg pres P

nom 1sg

1sg impf cop

very adv

big sg m adj

round.dance.dancer sg m

хораджия

77 (b) [7:01] I danced the round dance a lot. We would get together, bachelors and maidens

much adv

dance 1sg impf I

round.dance sg n

and

acc refl clt

gather 1pl pres I

bachelor pl m def med

all pl adj

and

girl pl f def med

78 (b) [7:06] at a special place that we called the dancing area.

there adv

one sg n adj

special sg n adj

place sg n

where rel med

dat n 3sg clt

say 1pl pres I

dance.area sg n

79 (b) [7:12] And we would gather there every Sunday and dance the round dance.

and

each sg f adj

[...]

Sunday sg f

acc refl clt

gather 1pl pres I

there adv

and

dance 1pl pres I

round.dance sg n

80 (b) [7:17] There were musicians then, some played the violin, and some

exist impf

then adv

musician pl m

some pl m

with

violin sg f

[...]

play 3pl impf I

some pl m

81 (b) [7:23] played the bagpipe. And we danced the round dance and had a great time at home.

with

bagpipe sg f

play 3pl impf I

and

nom 1pl

dance 1pl pres I

round.dance sg n

be.merry 1pl impf I

acc refl clt

home sg m def med

82 (b) [7:33] We were particularly joyful when we’d had a bit to drink! [laughter]

especially adv

when rel

drink 1pl impf P

much very

our sg n def med adj

[...]

83 (VZh) [How do you make staves for barrels?]

[...]

84 (b) [7:43] I still make staves for barrels in the old-fashioned way.

stave pl f def med

for

barrel sg f def med

acc 3pl clt

make 1sg pres I

old.time sg n adj

dat refl clt

still adv

85 (b) [7:52] I bend them over the fire into the shape of a rainbow

fire sg m

acc 3pl clt

bend 1sg pres I

and

dat 3pl clt

give 1sg pres I

[...]

form sg f

rainbow sg f

86 (b) [8:00] and after I bend all the boards for the barrel,

and

after

[...]

when conj

acc 3pl clt

bend 1sg pres P

all pl def med adj

board pl f

for

barrel sg f def med

87 (b) [8:05] after that I use an adze to clean off the blackened area where the fire has burned it.

after

this sg n med adj

acc 3pl clt

clean 1sg pres I

black sg n def med adj

rel med

fire sg m def

3sg pres aux clt

burn sg m L.part I

with

adze sg f def med

88 (b) [8:13] I cut them to shape and after that begin to put them through the planing machine.

puizd’àluvam

cut.to.shape 1sg pres I

acc 3pl clt

and

after

this sg n med adj

already adv

begin 1sg pres I

comp

acc 3pl clt

put.through 1sg pres I

planing.machine sg f def med

плана

89 (b) [8:19] After I run everything through the planing machine, I make them up on a model,

after

when conj

acc 3pl clt

put.through 1sg pres P

all pl adj

planing.machine sg f def med

work 1sg pres I

acc 3pl clt

model sg m

90 (b) [8:25] a model which I have worked out by my own calculation

this sg m med adj

model sg m

hes

acc m 3sg clt

work.out 1sg pres I

my sg n adj

[...]

calculation sg n

91 (b) [8:32] what the radius should be, what width [the barrel] should be, and what diameter

how.big interr

comp

be 3sg pres P

radius sg m def

what.kind sg f adj

width sg f

comp

be 3sg pres P

what.kind sg m adj

diameter sg m

92 (b) [8:37] the barrel should have; and that helps me work out how many liters it will contain,

comp

have 3sg pres I

barrel sg f def med

and

this sg n med adj

acc refl clt

direct 1sg pres I

how.many interr

liter ct m

comp

contain 3sg pres I

93 (b) [8:43] all this by our professional calculations.

this sg n med adj

3sg pres cop clt

our sg m adj

masterly sg n adj

calculation sg n

94 (VZh) [How is your health after so much work?]

[...]

95 (b) [8:49] After [so] much work my hands have begun to hurt,

from

much adv

work sg f

begin 3pl aor P

comp

acc 1sg clt

hurt 3pl pres I

hand pl f def med

hand pl f def med

96 (b) [8:55] and my legs hurt [too], I’ve started to get bone spurs in my knees

and

leg pl m def med

acc 1sg clt

hurt 3pl pres I

bone.spur pl m

dat 1sg clt

become 3pl aor P

knee pl n def med

97 (b) [8:59] [such that] now I can’t walk without a staff.

and

now adv

without

staff sg f

neg

can 1sg pres I

comp

walk 1sg pres I

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Participants

VZh

b

a

Malevo/Asg 2

1 (b) [0:01] I have been practicing this craft since childhood, [indeed] my whole life,

2 (b) [0:08] and I’m continuing to do this work even though I am on in years –

3 (b) [0:14] I’m seventy-six, and still put in the effort to ply my trade

4 (b) [0:21] so as to earn a lev here and there for my old age.

5 (b) [0:26] Because my pension is [quite] small,

6 (a) [0:29] [this means] I’m obliged to work.

7 (VZh) [What materials (= kinds of lumber) did you work with?]

8 (b) [0:32] The lumber I was [able to] get was – we call it fir,

9 (b) [0:38] or, as foresters say, spruce. Only that kind of lumber.

10 (b) [0:44] We went out to the woods and would seek it out in rocky places

11 (VZh) [“tŭrsime” (seek) or “trŭsime” (seek)?]

12 (b) [0:51] We’d seek it! Seek it in the kinds of places where there are rocks,

13 (b) [0:59] that tree [is best when] it grows among rocks

14 (b) [1:01] because when it grows among rocks the wood inside is fine-grained,

15 (b) [1:06] and fine-grained wood is strong and lasting, and [so] we make containers from it.

16 (b) [1:13] We’ve been working this wood many years, because at that time we worked by hand.

17 (b) [1:19] We didn’t have machines, and we worked that wood by hand

18 (b) [1:28] That wood isn’t hard the way acacia and oak [are]

19 (b) [1:37] [which is] why we worked it by hand. We had no machines at all then,

20 (b) [1:43] We worked everything by hand. Consequently when, after many years

21 (b) [1:51] machines became available, I got myself a planing machine

22 (b) [1:57] and use it to work with acacia and oak since their wood is very hard

23 (b) [2:08] and can’t be worked by hand. But now they can be worked with the machine,

24 (b) [2:15] despite the fact that I’m on in years, I still [can] continue to work.

25 (b) [2:19] When I have work of course. When I don’t I just sit around! [laughter] So there.

26 (VZh) [Did you have [enough] work earlier on?]

27 (b) [2:26] Earlier on we had a lot of work. However now – to say it with a single word –

28 (b) [2:31] there’s no work. Very little [anyway]. In our craft most of the work

29 (b) [2:37] comes in the fall when people need crocks for cabbage or barrels for wine,

30 (b) [2:46] small kegs for brandy, small flasks for water [and so on]. So mostly

31 (b) [2:55] we work in the autumn. There’s very little [work] in summer, but now in autumn

32 (b) [3:01] there’s no work because now they’ve come out with all these plastic containers,

33 (b) [3:08] and people use those for - for such things.

34 (VZh) [Did you go out into the woods to get lumber?]

35 (b) [3:14] Rarely. I would rarely go [out there]. I had a mule and a donkey, and

36 (b) [3:20] [If I go], I go, bring it back, and when I use it all up [I go] again.

37 (VZh) [How did you load them up?]

38 (b) [3:26] The donkey has a packsaddle, and the mule had a packsaddle. I tie the mule up

39 (b) [3:31] following the donkey, pile on the ax and the saw, and mount the donkey’s packsaddle,

40 (b) [3:39] and straight off into the woods. I let them loose to graze all day

41 (b) [3:43] [while] I prepare two loads, and in the evening, I drive them back.

42 (VZh) [How did you used to make churned milk?]

43 (b) [3:48] After we churn milk – we churn it in special centrifuges

44 (b) [3:53] which I myself fashioned, wooden centrifuges – we put the milk in the centrifuge

45 (b) [4:03] and we start [it] to spin. It spins and spins until the fat separates from the milk.

46 (b) [4:11] After that we take the fat away, and the remaining milk we call churned milk.

47 (b) [4:18] We drink it in place of water! [laughter]

48 (VZh) [And when did you do the reaping?]

49 (b) [4:21] When things ripen in the fields – wheat, rye, oats – when they’re ripe we go to the fields

50 (b) [4:31] with sickles in our hands and start to reap and to make sheaves.

51 (b) [4:39] After we reap the fields we make sheaves, and bring them onto the threshing-floor:

52 (b) [4:44] there’s a special field, the threshing-floor, where we thresh these sheaves with a mule

53 (b) [4:50] and donkeys. When we bring [the sheaves] in, I make them into a pile

54 (b) [4:59] so they won’t get wet. I make all of the sheaves

55 (b) [5:02] into a pile so that when it starts to rain they won’t get wet.

56 (b) [5:07] And after we’ve reaped everywhere, all the fields, the we start to thresh.

57 (b) [5:13] We thresh with mules and donkeys, on that threshing-floor where the piles are.

58 (b) [5:18] After we finish threshing, we pull out the straw, and separate it from the grain.

59 (b) [5:23] We gather up the grain into a stack and – we have these special wooden shovels,

60 (b) [5:30] we call them “shovels”, and begin to throw [the grain] up in to the air,

61 (b) [5:34] and the wind separates out the chaff, and the grain ends up clean. And after

62 (b) [5:40] we winnow everything, we gather the grain up into sacks and put the chaff with the straw

63 (b) [5:46] into net bags. We load these bags onto the mules, one on each side,

64 (b) [5:53] and straight into the barn, so that they’ll be able to eat during the winter,

65 (b) [5:58] so there will be something to feed them.

66 (VZh) [To feed whom?]

67 (b) [6:01] Cows, mules – the mule, the donkey – the livestock! Cattle, the cattle, the mule –

68 (VZh) [What time (of year) did you go out to do the mowing?]

69 (b) [6:10] When it comes time to mow the meadows, I go out with the mule and the donkey;

70 (b) [6:21] I take a scythe, a small anvil and a whetstone, I go out to the meadow, and I start to mow,

71 (b) [6:30] by hand. After I finish mowing we gather [the hay] up onto threshing fields, and dry it,

72 (b) [6:38] and after that we gather it into stacks and from there again into [these] other bags -